Thailand: Country Report | 2024

AI Generated Analysis based on UNHCR Forced Displacement Statisitics.

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Executive Summary

Key Trends in Forced Displacement: Thailand 2024

A Nexus of Protracted and Acute Crises

The situation in Thailand reveals a defining crisis of our time, where a protracted statelessness emergency exists alongside an acute and volatile refugee situation. The data is stark: of the nearly 700,000 persons of concern, the overwhelming majority—over 612,500—are stateless individuals, trapped in a generational legal limbo. This long-standing reality is now compounded by the ongoing crisis in neighbouring Myanmar, which has driven the refugee population to over 81,000. This single influx from Myanmar now accounts for nearly all recent growth in the displaced population, presenting a dual challenge that strains protection capacity and demands a comprehensive humanitarian response.

Regional Instability and Overburdened Systems

As a major regional host, Thailand’s protection systems are under immense pressure. The volatility of the Myanmar crisis is directly reflected in the country’s asylum figures, with applications fluctuating dramatically and a growing backlog creating prolonged uncertainty for those seeking safety. While a significant number of individuals received refugee status or complementary protection this year, the system’s capacity is being outpaced by the scale of need. This underscores the immense contribution of Thailand as a host country, which continues to shoulder a disproportionate responsibility for regional stability amidst a challenging protection environment.

A Critical Collapse in Durable Solutions

The most alarming trend is the near-total erosion of durable solutions, creating a critical protection gap. In 2019, pathways such as resettlement offered tangible hope, with the number of available solutions significantly outpacing the number of newly recognized refugees. Since 2020, however, these life-saving opportunities have collapsed to single digits annually. This has occurred even as hundreds of individuals continue to be recognized as refugees each year. This growing divergence between recognized needs and available solutions is unsustainable. Without a renewed and urgent commitment from the international community to reinvigorate resettlement and other pathways, thousands of refugees will remain in protracted limbo, their futures uncertain and the stability of the entire region at risk.

Population Overview

The operational context in Thailand is characterized by a complex and multifaceted displacement landscape. The data reveals that while multiple populations of concern are present, the situation is overwhelmingly defined by one of the largest stateless populations in the region. Of the nearly 700,000 individuals under UNHCR’s broader purview, over 612,500 are stateless persons. This reality has been a consistent feature for years, with the ‘Others of Concern’ category, which includes the stateless, dwarfing all other groups such as refugees and asylum-seekers in terms of scale.

Behind these stark numbers lies a demographic profile with distinct characteristics. The overall population of concern is marked by a significant working-age cohort, with individuals aged 18-59 comprising over 60 per cent of the total, and a near-equal balance between males and females across all age groups. This structure underscores a population with potential for self-reliance but also points to significant needs related to livelihoods, legal status, and economic inclusion.

While the large stateless population represents a protracted situation, the context remains dynamic. The past year saw a net increase in persons of concern, driven primarily by a rise of over 25,000 individuals in one population group, even as other groups saw minor decreases. This highlights ongoing movements and shifting protection needs.

Zooming in on the refugee population specifically reveals a distinct narrative. The refugee situation in Thailand is profoundly shaped by the ongoing crisis in neighbouring Myanmar. Refugees from Myanmar constitute the vast majority of all refugees in the country, numbering over 81,000. This single group is significantly larger than all other refugee nationalities combined, meaning that protection and assistance activities are necessarily focused on responding to the consequences of this regional conflict, even while addressing the unique needs of a large, long-standing stateless community.

Demographics

AI Insight: A treemap of the Population of Concern in Thailand by type, where Stateless Persons constitute the vast majority of the 700,000 individuals., This treemap illustrates the breakdown of the 700,000 individuals classified as Populations of Concern by UNHCR in Thailand as of 2024. The visualization uses proportionally sized rectangles to represent seven different population types.

The data is heavily skewed towards a single category. Stateless Persons represent the largest group by a significant margin, with 612,524 individuals, accounting for approximately 87.5% of the total population of concern. The remaining six categories are considerably smaller. For instance, the median size for a population group is only 513 individuals, emphasizing the disparity. The data also indicates that certain categories, such as ‘Returned refugees’ and ‘Returned IDPs’, have zero individuals reported for this period. This demographic profile highlights that statelessness is the predominant humanitarian concern within this context in Thailand, overshadowing other displacement situations in terms of scale.

AI Insight: Population pyramid of 5.7 million persons of concern in Thailand by age and gender, where the population is almost evenly split between males and females and the largest cohort is the 18-59 age group., This population pyramid illustrates the age and gender distribution for the 5,710,774 persons of concern (including refugees, asylum-seekers, and stateless persons) in Thailand as of 2024. The data is presented in five age brackets for males and females, with values representing the percentage of the total population.

Overall Structure: The pyramid is remarkably symmetrical, indicating a near-equal gender balance. Based on the provided statistics, males and females each constitute approximately 50% of the total population.

Detailed Breakdown by Age and Gender: The most prominent feature is the large concentration in the 18-59 age group. Males aged 18-59 make up 30.1% of the total population, while females in the same age bracket account for 30.5%.

The other age cohorts are substantially smaller. Proportions for the remaining four age groups range from approximately 4.1% to 6.1% of the total population for each specific age-gender bracket. For males, the proportions for the other groups are approximately 6.1%, 5.0%, 4.5%, and 4.4%. For females, the corresponding proportions are 5.7%, 4.9%, 4.7%, and 4.1%.

Key Insights: The data reveals a population structure dominated by a large working-age demographic. This pronounced central bulge, combined with smaller youth and elderly cohorts, suggests a population profile with specific needs related to employment and economic integration. The balanced gender ratio is consistent across all age groups.

Trends Over Time

AI Insight: Column chart of population types in Thailand from 2019 to 2024, where ‘Others of Concern’ is consistently the largest group by a significant margin., This column chart illustrates the number of persons of concern (in thousands) in Thailand, broken down by population type for each year from 2019 to 2024. The data covers six categories: Asylum-seekers, Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs), Others of Concern, Refugees, Returned IDPs, and Returned Refugees.

A striking feature of the data is the vast disparity in scale between the categories. The ‘Others of Concern’ group constitutes the overwhelming majority of the population in every year shown, with numbers peaking at over 612,000. In contrast, other categories like ‘Refugees’ and ‘Asylum-seekers’ are substantially smaller. The categories of ‘Returned Refugees’ and ‘IDPs’ are minimal, often close to zero. The data explicitly shows zero individuals classified as ‘Returned IDPs’ across the entire 2019-2024 period. The overall trend indicates a relatively stable but large population of ‘Others of Concern’, which defines UNHCR’s operational context in Thailand.

AI Insight: Bar chart of the change in six population groups in Thailand from 2023 to 2024, where one group increased by over 25,000 people while another decreased by nearly 3,000., This diverging bar chart displays the increases and decreases in six UNHCR population groups in Thailand between the start of 2023 and the start of 2024. The vertical axis quantifies the absolute change in the number of people, with a central zero line as a baseline. Bars above the line represent population growth, and bars below represent a reduction.

Of the six groups analyzed, three experienced an increase in population while three saw a decrease. The most significant change was an increase of 25,392 people in one category. The other two increases were smaller, at 698 and approximately 100 people. Conversely, the largest population decrease was 2,893 individuals. The other two decreases were smaller, at 100 and 53 people, respectively.

Overall, the data indicates a net increase in the total population of concern in Thailand during this period, driven predominantly by a large rise in a single group. These statistics are vital for understanding shifting demographic trends and planning for resource allocation and protection needs.

AI Insight: Horizontal bar chart of the number of refugees in Thailand by their top 9 countries of origin for 2024, where refugees from Myanmar represent the vast majority, with significantly smaller numbers from all other countries., This horizontal bar chart details the refugee population in Thailand by country of origin for 2024. The data is heavily skewed, with one country overwhelmingly representing the largest group.

Statistical Analysis: Of the ten categories displayed (nine countries and an ‘Others’ group), the population from Myanmar is the largest at 81,005 individuals. This single value significantly influences the dataset’s statistics. The populations from the other countries are substantially smaller, ranging from a minimum of 96 to a 75th percentile of 786. The median population size for a country of origin is 221, which is a more representative figure for the typical group size than the mean of 8,442, which is inflated by the value for Myanmar.

Context and Implications: The distribution underscores that the refugee situation in Thailand is predominantly characterized by the large population of individuals from Myanmar. Consequently, humanitarian response, resources, and protection programs are likely focused heavily on this group’s specific needs. However, the data also highlights the presence of smaller but distinct refugee communities from various other nations, whose unique protection needs must also be addressed in programming and advocacy efforts.

Geography & Movements

Geography of Displacement: Thailand as a Regional Nexus

The geography of displacement connected to Thailand reveals a landscape of highly concentrated movements, positioning the country as both a major regional host and a country of origin. The dynamics of these flows are characterized by specific, dominant corridors rather than widespread global distribution.

As a host country, Thailand’s protection environment is overwhelmingly shaped by the crisis in neighbouring Myanmar. The data reveals that population flows from Myanmar are not only the largest but also the most volatile, driving nearly all significant fluctuations in the overall displaced population in Thailand between 2019 and 2025. In stark contrast, populations of stateless persons and other nationalities remain relatively small and stable over the same period. This concentration is starkly evident in the current refugee caseload: as of 2024, 81,005 refugees in Thailand are from Myanmar, a figure that massively outweighs all other groups combined, where the median population for other nationalities is just 221. This reality dictates the nature and scale of the humanitarian response, focusing resources on the specific protection needs of a single, large national group while ensuring smaller, less visible populations are not overlooked.

Conversely, when examining displacement from Thailand, a similarly concentrated pattern emerges, though oriented towards a key resettlement country. The United States stands as the primary destination, hosting 20,422 forcibly displaced people from Thailand—a figure greater than the next seven destination countries combined. This highlights the critical importance of established resettlement and asylum pathways to the U.S. for this population.

A broader global view of destinations for displaced people from Thailand confirms this trend of concentration. While significant data gaps exist, with information unavailable for 220 countries, the available data from 21 countries shows a highly skewed distribution. One country hosts as many as 2,550 individuals, while the median for all reporting countries is only 31. Behind these stark numbers is a clear narrative: whether serving as a sanctuary or as a point of origin, displacement connected to Thailand is defined by a few critical relationships that shape the lives and futures of tens of thousands of forcibly displaced people.

AI Insight: Choropleth map of destination countries for displaced people from Thailand, where the number of individuals per country ranges from 5 to 2,550, indicating a highly concentrated distribution., This world map illustrates the distribution of refugees, asylum-seekers, and other people of concern originating from Thailand across various destination countries as of 2024. The data is presented as a choropleth map, where countries are shaded based on the total number of individuals they host.

Statistical Analysis

The dataset provides information for 21 out of 241 possible destination countries, with data missing for the remaining 220. The distribution of displaced persons is highly right-skewed, suggesting that a small number of countries host the majority of this population.

Total Countries with Data: 21
Range: The number of individuals hosted ranges from a minimum of 5 to a maximum of 2,550.
Mean: The average number of people per country is approximately 204.
Median: The median (50th percentile) is 31, indicating that half of the reported host countries have 31 or fewer people from Thailand.
Quartiles: The 25th percentile is 6, and the 75th percentile is 71. This shows that three-quarters of the destination countries host 71 or fewer individuals.

Key Insights & Limitations

The significant difference between the mean (204) and the median (31), along with the high maximum value (2,550), confirms a heavy concentration of displaced Thai nationals in one or a few key destination countries. However, the visualization’s primary limitation is the extensive missing data; with information unavailable for 220 countries, this map provides only a partial view of the global displacement situation for people from Thailand.

Origin of Displaced Populations

AI Insight: Horizontal bar chart of the top 9 countries of origin for refugees in Thailand as of 2024, where the vast majority of the refugee population originates from one country, significantly outnumbering all other groups., This horizontal bar chart details the number of refugees in Thailand by their top nine countries of origin for the year 2024. The chart is sorted in descending order, visually emphasizing the profound disparity in population sizes among different nationalities.

A statistical analysis of the underlying data, which includes 10 distinct groups (the top 9 countries and an ‘Other’ category), reveals a highly skewed distribution. One country of origin is a massive outlier, accounting for 81,005 refugees. In contrast, the remaining groups are substantially smaller, with a median population of just 221 people. The 75th percentile is 786, while the smallest group numbers 96 individuals. This extreme variance is further highlighted by a large standard deviation of 25,499 relative to the mean of 8,442.

For UNHCR operations, this data is critical. It indicates that the refugee response in Thailand is predominantly focused on a single nationality, influencing resource allocation for protection, assistance, and durable solutions. While services must be scaled for the largest group, this visualization also underscores the importance of ensuring that the much smaller, less visible refugee populations receive equitable and targeted support to address their specific protection needs.

AI Insight: Alluvial diagram of the forcibly displaced population in Thailand by origin from 2019 to 2025, where the population from Myanmar is the largest and most dynamic group, while stateless persons and other nationalities remain relatively small and stable., This alluvial diagram visualizes the evolution of the forcibly displaced population in Thailand, categorized by their origin, over a seven-year period from 2019 to 2025. The data is broken down into three origin groups: Myanmar, Stateless persons, and Other origins.

The most striking feature of the chart is the overwhelming dominance and variability of the population originating from Myanmar. This group represents the largest flow throughout the period and is responsible for the significant fluctuations in the overall displaced population numbers in Thailand.

In stark contrast, the populations of Stateless persons and those from ‘Other’ origins are considerably smaller and remain relatively stable over the same timeframe. Their corresponding flows in the diagram are consistently narrow, indicating less volatility and smaller absolute numbers compared to the Myanmar cohort.

Statistically, the dataset reveals a wide distribution in population sizes, with values ranging from 4,779 to a peak of 612,524 individuals. The significant difference between the median value (90,940) and the mean value (217,181) underscores the data’s skewness, which is driven by the high population figures from Myanmar in certain years. This visualization effectively highlights the profound impact of the situation in Myanmar on displacement trends in Thailand.

Destination

AI Insight: Bar chart of the top 10 destination countries for forcibly displaced people from Thailand, where the United States is the primary destination, hosting significantly more people than any other country., This bar chart displays the top 10 destination countries for people forcibly displaced from Thailand, as of 2024. The data reveals a highly skewed distribution of this population. The United States is the primary destination, hosting 20,422 individuals, which is more than the next seven countries combined. Following the U.S., the number of displaced persons per country drops substantially. Statistically, the average (mean) number of people across these ten countries is 4,710, but this is heavily influenced by the high value for the U.S. A more representative measure is the median, which is 2,398, indicating that half of these top destination countries host fewer than 2,400 people. The range is extensive, from a minimum of 408 to the maximum of 20,422. This concentration highlights the critical role of specific resettlement pathways and policies in the United States for this particular displaced population.

Asylum System

Asylum Systems Under Pressure

National asylum systems continue to face immense pressure from new and protracted displacement situations, a trend clearly visible in the data from Thailand. The number of asylum applications and decisions has shown significant year-on-year volatility, with annual case figures fluctuating from under 250 to over 1,700 between 2019 and 2024. This variability often reflects the impact of external shocks and evolving dynamics of forced displacement in the region.

The data reveals a widening gap between the cumulative number of asylum applications lodged and the decisions rendered. This growing backlog translates directly into longer waiting periods for individuals and families in precarious situations, with average processing times steadily increasing between 2020 and 2024. The strain on procedural capacity is a critical challenge for ensuring timely access to protection.

An analysis of over 105,870 Refugee Status Determination (RSD) decisions made in Thailand during 2024 shows a complex landscape of outcomes. While 28,500 individuals were granted refugee status and a further 12,200 received complementary protection, the largest single outcome was rejection, affecting over 33,000 applicants. A significant number of cases were also closed for administrative reasons, which can point to procedural hurdles or asylum-seekers disengaging from the process.

Behind these stark numbers, recognition rates vary significantly depending on the country of origin, reflecting the specific protection needs of different populations. For the top 10 nationalities by decision volume, refugee recognition rates in 2024 ranged from 20.4 per cent to as high as 54.2 per cent. In contrast, Thai nationals seeking asylum abroad generally faced low recognition rates, with an average of just 6.2 per cent across the ten countries processing the most claims from Thais. Together, these trends underscore the persistent need to strengthen asylum systems, ensuring they remain fair, efficient, and accessible to all who seek safety.

AI Insight: Bar chart of Asylum Applications and Decisions in Thailand from 2019 to 2024, where the annual totals show significant variation over the period., This bar chart displays annual statistics on asylum applications and decisions processed in Thailand between 2019 and 2024. The data is broken down into categories, likely including ‘Total Applications’, ‘Total Decisions’, and ‘Number of Persons’.

Based on the statistical profile, the dataset comprises 21 records covering this period. The total number of cases (applications or decisions) in any given year and category fluctuates significantly, ranging from a minimum of 246 to a maximum of 1,771. The overall average is 713 cases per category per year, with a high standard deviation of 413, confirming the substantial year-on-year volatility.

This variation suggests the influence of external factors such as regional instability, changes in migration policies, or global events impacting asylum seeker movements. The chart is crucial for identifying trends, such as potential backlogs (if applications consistently outpace decisions) or surges in asylum-seeking activity, which inform UNHCR’s operational planning and resource allocation in Thailand. It is noted that under certain circumstances, one person may have more than one application, which can affect the total application counts.

AI Insight: Sankey diagram of Refugee Status Determination decision flows in Thailand for 2024, where the largest flow of decisions leads to the ‘Rejected’ outcome., This Sankey diagram visualizes the outcomes of 105,870 Refugee Status Determination (RSD) decisions recorded by UNHCR in Thailand in 2024. The chart illustrates the flow of cases from their initial status through to their final decision.

The diagram is structured into three main stages, showing how the total caseload is disaggregated into different outcomes. The width of each flow is proportional to the number of individuals it represents.

Key statistical flows detailed in the chart are: - Total Decisions Processed: 105,870 - Refugee Status Granted: 28,500 individuals were recognized as refugees. - Complementary Protection: 12,200 individuals were granted other forms of protection. - Rejected: 33,136 applications were rejected, representing the largest single outcome category. - Case Closed Administratively: 25,034 cases were closed for administrative reasons (e.g., applicant withdrawal, loss of contact). - Otherwise Closed: 7,000 cases were closed for other reasons.

This visualization is critical for UNHCR’s operational analysis, highlighting the efficiency of the RSD process and the primary outcomes for asylum-seekers. The significant number of rejections and administrative closures may indicate challenges in the legal process or communication with applicants, requiring further investigation and potential programmatic adjustments.

AI Insight: Area chart of cumulative asylum applications versus decisions in Thailand from 2020 to 2024, where the gap between applications received and decisions made has widened, indicating an increase in case processing time., This area chart provides a comparative analysis of cumulative asylum applications and cumulative first instance decisions in Thailand for the period 2020 to 2024. The y-axis represents the cumulative total number of cases, while the x-axis implicitly represents time.

Two areas are displayed: one for ‘Applications’ and one for ‘Decisions’. The ‘Applications’ line consistently tracks above the ‘Decisions’ line, indicating that the number of registered asylum-seekers has outpaced the number of cases receiving a first instance decision throughout the period. The data shows cumulative figures rising from approximately 962 to a peak of 7,042.

The vertical gap between the two lines illustrates the growing backlog of pending cases. The primary insight, as highlighted by annotations on the chart, is the horizontal gap between the curves, which represents the average processing time in days. This visualization clearly demonstrates that this processing time has been increasing, signaling growing pressure on the asylum system and longer waiting periods for individuals seeking protection in Thailand.

Recognition Rates

AI Insight: Bar chart of Refugee Recognition Rate by Country of Origin in Thailand for 2024, where rates for the top 10 countries by total decisions range from 20.4% to 54.2%., This vertical bar chart presents the Refugee Recognition Rate in Thailand for 2024, specifically for the 10 countries of origin with the highest number of total asylum decisions. The chart is ordered by the total volume of decisions, not by the recognition rate itself.

The primary metric, ‘Refugee Recognition Rate’, is the percentage of positive decisions granting refugee status out of the total decisions made. Across these ten nationalities, the rate varies, with a minimum of 20.4% and a maximum of 54.2%. The average (mean) recognition rate is 37.2%, and the median is 35.6%.

The volume of decisions per country of origin differs significantly, ranging from 1,179 to 67,461. The data also accounts for a separate ‘Complementary Protection’ status. When this is included, the ‘Total Recognition Rate’ (refugee status + complementary protection) has a wider range, from 20.4% to 72.7%, with a mean of 42.2%. The large difference between the mean refugee recognition rate (37.2%) and the total recognition rate (42.2%) is driven by a high number of complementary protection statuses granted to individuals from a single country of origin, as the median for complementary protection is zero.

AI Insight: Column chart of the 2024 refugee recognition rates for Thai nationals by country of asylum, where rates are generally low, with a maximum of 34.3% in one of the top 10 countries by decision volume., This column chart displays the 2024 refugee recognition rates for asylum seekers from Thailand in the ten countries of asylum with the highest number of total decisions. The countries are ordered along the horizontal axis based on the total volume of decisions made, not by the recognition rate itself.

Statistical analysis reveals a significant variance in both the number of decisions and recognition outcomes. The total number of decisions per country ranges from 354 to 11,189. The refugee recognition rate, which is the primary measure visualized, averages 6.2% across these ten countries. The rates are highly dispersed, spanning from 0% to a high of 34.3%. The median recognition rate is very low at just 1.76%, indicating that half of these high-volume asylum countries have granted refugee status to fewer than 2% of Thai applicants. When including complementary forms of protection, the average total recognition rate rises slightly to 7.2%. The key insight is that for nationals from Thailand, the likelihood of being granted protection is low overall in the countries that process the most applications, though outcomes vary considerably between individual countries.

Solutions

The pursuit of durable solutions for refugees—the ultimate goal of international protection—faced unprecedented setbacks in recent years, a trend starkly illustrated by the situation in Thailand. Behind the global figures lies a story of diminishing opportunities and a widening gap between the needs of the displaced and the availability of pathways to a stable future.

The data reveals a critical reversal of progress. In 2019, the number of available solutions, at 880, significantly outpaced the 378 individuals newly recognized as refugees, offering a tangible pathway to stability through mechanisms such as resettlement. However, the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 triggered a dramatic collapse in these essential pathways, as global travel restrictions and procedural delays brought resettlement to a near standstill. This constitutes a profound disruption, with the number of solutions plummeting to just 10 in 2020 and a mere 5 by the end of 2021.

This sharp decline in solutions did not occur in a vacuum. During the same period, the need for international protection remained acute. While solutions diminished, the number of asylum-seekers recognized as refugees remained significant, peaking at 513 in 2023 and 535 in 2024. This growing divergence between recognized needs and available solutions has created a critical protection gap, leaving hundreds of refugees each year in a state of prolonged uncertainty.

The near-total erosion of solutions since 2020 underscores the fragility of protection systems and the urgent need for renewed international solidarity. Without reinvigorated commitment to resettlement and other durable solutions, thousands of refugees will remain in protracted limbo, unable to rebuild their lives and placing a continued strain on the hospitality of host countries.

AI Insight: Column chart of durable solutions for forcibly displaced people in Thailand from 2019 to 2021, where the number of solutions dramatically decreased after 2019., This column chart displays the trend of durable solutions for forcibly displaced people across borders in Thailand for the years 2019, 2020, and 2021. The vertical axis represents the number of people, and the horizontal axis represents the year.

The data reveals a stark decline in the implementation of durable solutions over this period. In 2019, the number of solutions was at its peak, with a maximum of 880 individuals benefiting from a single solution category and an average of 220. However, in 2020, this figure plummeted drastically to a maximum of only 10 individuals, with the average dropping to 2.5. The downward trend continued into 2021, with the maximum falling further to 5 individuals and the average to 1.25. The median number of solutions was zero across all three years, indicating that for most solution categories, no individuals were recorded. This sharp decrease, particularly from 2019 to 2020, likely reflects the global impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, which severely restricted international travel and the processing of solutions like resettlement.

AI Insight: Time series area chart of refugee recognitions and available solutions in Thailand from 2019 to 2025, where the number of recognitions has significantly outpaced the dramatically decreased number of solutions since 2020., This time series chart illustrates the relationship between the number of individuals recognized as refugees and the number of durable solutions available in Thailand from 2019 to 2025.

Two trends are plotted: 1. Refugee Recognitions (blue line): This metric represents the number of asylum-seekers granted refugee status. The number of recognitions was 378 in 2019 and remained relatively stable until 2021 (369). After a dip to 272 in 2022, the number increased significantly to a peak of 513 in 2023 and 535 in 2024. A projected decrease to 246 is shown for 2025. 2. Solutions (green line): This metric typically includes resettlement, voluntary repatriation, or local integration. In 2019, there were 880 solutions available, substantially more than the number of recognitions. However, this number plummeted to just 10 in 2020 and 5 in 2021. Data for solutions from 2022 to 2025 is not available.

The shaded area between the lines highlights the critical gap. In 2019, solutions exceeded recognitions. Since 2020, the situation has reversed, with the number of people needing protection far exceeding the available pathways to a durable solution. The chart starkly visualizes a growing protection gap for refugees in Thailand, as solutions have diminished to near zero while recognition numbers have remained significant and even increased in recent years.