Spain: Country Report | 2024
AI Generated Analysis based on UNHCR Forced Displacement Statisitics.
Executive Summary
Key Trends in Forced Displacement: Spain 2024
A Nation at the Forefront of Unprecedented Displacement
Spain stands at the crossroads of a global displacement crisis, now hosting over 703,000 people in need of international protection. The scale of this emergency is escalating rapidly, with the refugee population alone surging by an alarming 42 per cent in just one year. This dramatic growth is not diffuse; it is overwhelmingly driven by the profound impact of a single regional crisis, which has resulted in a highly concentrated population of over 222,000 refugees from one nation. This trend underscores Spain’s critical role as a primary destination for those fleeing specific, large-scale emergencies and highlights a working-age demographic with immense potential to contribute, provided they receive the necessary support.
National Systems Under Immense Pressure
The sheer volume of arrivals has placed Spain’s national asylum system under significant and sustained strain. With new applications peaking at over 167,000 in a recent year, a widening gap between claims lodged and decisions rendered has created prolonged uncertainty for thousands. Despite these pressures, Spain’s commitment to protection remains evident. While the formal Refugee Convention recognition rate is modest, the total protection rate stands at a robust 35.8 per cent when humanitarian statuses are included. This demonstrates a vital flexibility in providing sanctuary, particularly for large cohorts from Venezuela and Colombia who constitute the majority of new applicants.
A Powerful Demonstration of Solutions
Amidst these challenges, Spain has provided a powerful demonstration of what is possible in the pursuit of durable solutions. In 2022 and 2023, the country achieved a spectacular reversal of the global trend, providing more solutions than new arrivals. This was not accidental but the result of targeted, large-scale state action, including a massive resettlement initiative in 2022 and a surge in naturalisations the following year. While this progress was exceptional and is not projected to continue at the same scale, it serves as a crucial blueprint for the international community, proving that with political will, dedicated pathways can turn the tide and offer refugees the chance to rebuild their lives in safety and dignity.
Population Overview
Population Overview: Spain
The number of people in need of international protection in Spain continued its upward trajectory into 2024, reflecting broader global displacement trends. An analysis of year-on-year changes reveals a significant increase across all populations of concern between the start of 2023 and 2024. The refugee population experienced the most substantial absolute growth, expanding by nearly 60,000 individuals—a 42 per cent rise. Concurrently, the number of asylum-seekers and Venezuelans displaced abroad also saw marked increases, growing by 8,245 and 37,212 people, respectively.
Behind these stark numbers lies a complex demographic landscape. As of early 2024, the largest single group within the 703,000 people of concern were classified as ‘Others of concern’, accounting for over 429,000 individuals or 61 per cent of the total. Refugees and asylum-seekers constitute the next largest cohorts, together representing nearly 38 per cent of the population and underscoring the sustained pressure on the national asylum system.
The data reveals a population characterized by a significant working-age cohort. Individuals aged between 18 and 59 represent the largest demographic group for both males (41 per cent) and females (37 per cent). This demographic profile suggests a population with considerable potential to contribute to their host society, but also underscores the need for tailored support related to employment, family reunification, and social integration.
Furthermore, the composition of the refugee population in Spain is heavily influenced by specific crises. The data on countries of origin reveals a highly concentrated influx, with individuals from a single nationality accounting for over 222,000 refugees. This figure stands as a significant outlier, far surpassing the numbers from other major countries of origin and highlighting the profound impact of a specific regional emergency on displacement patterns reaching Spain. Collectively, these trends paint a picture of mounting protection needs, characterized by consistent growth across all categories, a demographically active population, and displacement flows dominated by a few key crises.
Demographics
AI Insight: Treemap of the different populations of concern in Spain, where ‘Others of concern’ is the largest group, comprising over 60% of the total 703,000 individuals., As of 2024, Spain hosts 703,000 individuals classified as populations of concern. This treemap illustrates the composition of this population, with the area of each rectangle representing the size of each group. The distribution is highly concentrated within a few categories.
Statistical Breakdown: - Others of concern: This is the largest group, with 429,333 individuals, making up approximately 61% of the total population of concern. - Asylum-seekers: The second-largest group consists of 137,064 individuals, accounting for about 19.5%. - Refugees: This group numbers 128,795 individuals, representing 18.3% of the total. - Returned refugees: A smaller cohort of 4,000 individuals is also present. - The remaining categories, such as ‘Stateless persons’, ‘Internally displaced persons (IDPs)’, and ‘Returned IDPs’, have recorded zero individuals in this dataset, indicating they are not a significant portion of the population of concern in Spain.
In summary, over 98% of the population of concern in Spain is comprised of three main groups: ‘Others of concern’, ‘Asylum-seekers’, and ‘Refugees’, highlighting a significant concentration in these specific categories.
AI Insight: A population pyramid of 1.6 million refugees and other persons of concern in Spain by age and gender, where the 18-59 age group forms the largest cohort for both males (41%) and females (37.3%)., This population pyramid provides a detailed demographic breakdown of the 1,625,094 refugees, asylum-seekers, and other persons of concern in Spain as of 2024. The visualization confirms that gender data is available for the entire population.
The most striking feature of the pyramid is the significant concentration of individuals in the primary working-age bracket (18-59 years). This group represents the largest share for both genders, accounting for 41.0% of the male population and 37.3% of the female population. Overall, there is a slight majority of males in the population, as indicated by the slightly larger average proportion of males across all age groups (mean of 8.61% per age group for males vs. 8.06% for females).
The demographic structure, with a large bulge in the adult cohort and tapering at both younger and older ages, is characteristic of many displaced populations. This suggests a population with a significant potential labor force but may also imply specific protection needs related to family reunification, support for children, and care for a smaller elderly population.
Trends Over Time
AI Insight: A column chart of population types in Spain from 2019 to 2024, where certain population categories are significantly larger than others, with one group reaching over 400,000 people., This column chart displays the number of people of concern to UNHCR in Spain for the years 2019 through 2024, with figures presented in thousands. The data is disaggregated into six distinct population types, such as refugees, asylum-seekers, and others of concern. The analysis of the underlying data, which covers 36 records, shows a wide variance in the size of these population groups. The number of individuals in any single category ranges from zero up to a maximum of 429,333. A key observation is the significant disparity between the sizes of the different population types. While some categories, like ‘Returned Refugees’ (peaking at 20,000), are present, others, such as ‘Returned IDPs’, are consistently zero. The overall distribution is heavily skewed, with the mean population per category being approximately 67,322, indicating that one or two categories account for the vast majority of the total population of concern in Spain during this period.
AI Insight: Bar chart of the change in population groups in Spain between 2023 and 2024, where all populations of concern increased, most notably refugees with a growth of 59,695 people., This bar chart presents a detailed breakdown of the changes in UNHCR’s populations of concern in Spain from the start of 2023 to the start of 2024. The chart displays both the absolute numerical change and the percentage change for six distinct population categories.
A key observation is that all specified population groups experienced an increase during this period. The most significant growth, in absolute terms, was within the refugee population, which increased by 59,695 individuals, representing a 42% rise. The number of Venezuelans displaced abroad also saw a substantial increase of 37,212 people (a 7% increase). The asylum-seeker population grew by 8,245 individuals (a 6% increase).
Other groups showed more modest increases: the stateless population grew by 792 people (10%), and ‘Others of concern’ increased by 724 people (2%). The ‘Returnees’ category showed no change. This uniform trend of growth across nearly all categories underscores a significant overall rise in the number of people seeking protection in Spain over the year.
AI Insight: Horizontal bar chart of the top 9 countries of origin for refugees in Spain in 2024, where one country accounts for a vastly disproportionate number of refugees compared to all others., This horizontal bar chart displays the number of refugees in Spain as of 2024, broken down by the top nine countries of origin, with an additional category for ‘Others’. The data reveals a highly skewed distribution in the origins of the refugee population.
Statistical Analysis: The dataset includes 10 categories. The number of refugees per country of origin ranges from a minimum of 2,563 to a maximum of 222,544. The distribution is dominated by a single country of origin, which accounts for 222,544 refugees. This figure is a significant outlier, being more than five times the mean value of 42,934 and substantially higher than the 75th percentile of 22,279. The median value is 7,718, indicating that half of the listed countries of origin have fewer than this number of refugees in Spain. The large standard deviation of 75,122 further underscores the extreme variance and the impact of the top country on the overall statistics.
In summary, the chart highlights that the refugee population in Spain is primarily composed of individuals from one major country of origin, with significantly smaller but still substantial populations from at least eight other nations.
Geography & Movements
Geography of Displacement: Spain as a Nexus of Movement
The geography of forced displacement related to Spain reveals a dual narrative: the country serves as a primary destination for a large and increasingly concentrated population seeking safety, while simultaneously being a minor country of origin whose own displaced population follows a highly specific, concentrated pathway.
The data reveals a significant demographic shift in the composition of forcibly displaced populations arriving in Spain over the past five years. Driven by evolving regional dynamics, there has been a dramatic surge in arrivals from Latin American countries, particularly Colombia and Peru, which now represent the most prominent origins. This trend has culminated in a highly concentrated refugee and asylum-seeker population within Spain. As of mid-2024, the overwhelming majority of refugees in the country originate from a single nation, with their population of over 222,000 dwarfing all other groups. Behind these stark numbers lies the story of a specific, large-scale crisis that continues to drive displacement along this transatlantic corridor.
Conversely, the pattern for those originating from Spain presents a mirror image of this concentration, albeit at a much smaller scale. While the total number of Spanish nationals displaced globally remains modest, their destinations are not widely dispersed. The data underscores a highly skewed distribution, with one host country receiving a disproportionate share of 5,750 individuals. This single destination heavily influences the statistical landscape, creating a large disparity between the mean and median number of displaced people across the handful of host nations.
Taken together, these distinct but concentrated movements—both into and out of the country—highlight Spain’s critical role as a nexus for specific, well-defined displacement routes, reflecting both enduring crises in other regions and the established corridors that guide those few who are forced to leave its shores.
AI Insight: Choropleth map of destination countries for people of concern from Spain, where the distribution is highly skewed with one country hosting the vast majority of individuals., This choropleth map illustrates the global distribution of forcibly displaced and stateless persons originating from Spain as of 2024. The data, provided by UNHCR, includes refugees, asylum-seekers, and other persons of concern.
Statistically, the data reveals a highly concentrated pattern of displacement. While a total of 13 countries host individuals from Spain, the numbers in most of these locations are very small. The median number of persons per host country is only 11, and 75% of host countries have 42 or fewer individuals.
The distribution is dominated by a single significant outlier: one destination country hosts 1,677 people, which represents the maximum value in the dataset. This extreme value heavily skews the mean to 164, which is not representative of a typical host country. The large standard deviation of 459 further highlights this extreme variability. The minimum number of individuals in a host country is 5. Overall, this visualization underscores that while Spain is not a major origin of displaced populations, the small number of people who do leave are concentrated overwhelmingly in one specific location.
Origin of Displaced Populations
AI Insight: Horizontal bar chart of the top 9 countries of origin for refugees in Spain in 2024, where the leading country of origin accounts for a vastly larger number of people than all others., This horizontal bar chart presents data on the primary countries of origin for refugees in Spain as of 2024. The chart displays ten bars, representing the top nine individual countries and a tenth consolidated category for ‘Others’.
A statistical analysis of the data reveals a highly skewed distribution. The number of refugees from the top country of origin is 222,544. In contrast, the median number of refugees across the categories is 7,718, and the minimum for a single category is 2,563. The large discrepancy between the mean (42,933) and the median, combined with a high standard deviation (75,122), highlights the significant influence of the top country. This indicates that a single country is the source of a disproportionately large share of the refugee population in Spain compared to other nations.
AI Insight: Alluvial diagram of the origins of forcibly displaced populations in Spain from 2019 to 2025, where the composition has shifted significantly with a substantial increase in arrivals from Latin American countries, particularly Colombia and Peru., This alluvial diagram provides a temporal analysis of the top seven countries of origin for forcibly displaced populations in Spain between 2019 and 2025. The data is presented in thousands of people, with the width of each colored flow representing the size of the population from a specific origin for each year.
Statistical analysis reveals a significant increase in the total forcibly displaced population in Spain from these origins over the period. The dataset, comprising 49 observations across 7 countries of origin, shows a mean population of approximately 65,000 per origin per year, but with a high standard deviation (71,895). The key insight lies in the data’s distribution: while the 75th percentile is 94,705 people, the maximum value recorded is 268,492. This indicates a strong positive skew, driven by a dramatic surge in arrivals from one or more specific countries towards the end of the period.
The primary origins tracked include Colombia, Peru, Syria, and Stateless persons, among others. The visualization clearly depicts a demographic shift, with flows from Latin American nations like Colombia and Peru expanding considerably over the years, becoming the most prominent origins. This trend reflects evolving global and regional displacement dynamics affecting Spain as a primary country of asylum.
Destination
AI Insight: Bar chart of the top 10 destination countries for forcibly displaced people from Spain in 2024, where the top destination hosts a significantly larger number of people than the other countries., This vertical bar chart details the primary destinations for the forcibly displaced population originating from Spain as of 2024, covering the top 10 host countries. The data reveals a highly skewed distribution in the number of displaced persons across these nations. The number of individuals ranges from a minimum of 107 to a maximum of 5,750 in the top destination country. The statistical profile shows a mean of 1,596 people per country, which is substantially higher than the median of 616. This disparity, along with a large standard deviation of 1,893, indicates that one or two countries host a disproportionately large share of the displaced population from Spain, while the remaining countries host significantly fewer people. This visualization is crucial for identifying key host nations and understanding the dispersal patterns for this population group.
Asylum System
Pressures on National Asylum Systems
The operational capacity of national asylum systems remained under significant strain throughout the reporting period, a trend clearly illustrated by the situation in Spain. The data reveals a period of intense demand, with new asylum applications peaking at over 167,000 in a single recent year, demonstrating the immense volatility and volume that frontline states must manage.
A cumulative analysis from 2020 to 2024 highlights a critical challenge: a progressively widening gap between the number of asylum applications lodged and the first-instance decisions rendered. This growing backlog translates into prolonged periods of uncertainty for asylum-seekers awaiting a resolution of their status. Despite these systemic pressures, asylum authorities made substantial efforts to process cases, with nearly 700,000 decisions recorded in 2024 alone, indicating a concerted push to address the caseload.
Behind these stark numbers, the protection outcomes varied significantly depending on the country of origin. The average Refugee Recognition Rate—based on the 1951 Convention—for the top ten nationalities stood at 9.5 per cent. However, this figure does not capture the full protection landscape. The total recognition rate, which includes complementary and humanitarian forms of protection, was considerably higher at 35.8 per cent. This distinction is crucial; while nationals from Mali, for instance, saw a high refugee recognition rate (32.2 per cent), applicants from countries such as Venezuela and Colombia, who constituted the largest caseloads, were more frequently granted protection on other humanitarian grounds.
Conversely, asylum applications lodged by Spanish nationals in other countries were overwhelmingly considered unfounded, with a median recognition rate of zero across the top ten countries of asylum. This reinforces Spain’s status as a safe country of origin and, more importantly, its primary role as a key destination for those seeking international protection.
AI Insight: Bar chart of Asylum Applications and Decisions in Spain from 2019 to 2024, where the annual totals show significant fluctuation, peaking at over 167,000 cases in a single year., This bar chart displays annual data on asylum applications and decisions in Spain for the period 2019 to 2024. The data is sourced from UNHCR and is disaggregated into three distinct stages of the asylum process.
Statistical Analysis: The total number of cases within any given stage and year varies substantially, ranging from a minimum of 1,669 to a maximum of 167,342. The average number of cases across all categories is approximately 67,625, with a median of 69,422. A high standard deviation of over 53,000 indicates significant volatility in the volume of cases handled by the asylum system from year to year.
Context and Insights: The chart highlights a period of high demand on Spain’s asylum system. The peak value of 167,342 suggests a year with a major influx of new applications or a concentrated effort to process a backlog of decisions. The subtitle notes that one person may have multiple applications, which could contribute to the overall figures. The visualization allows for a comparative analysis of the number of applications received versus decisions made, offering insights into the system’s capacity and response over time.
AI Insight: A parallel sets plot of Refugee Status Determination decisions in Spain for 2024, where the flow of 696,678 decisions is distributed across various final outcomes and statuses., This parallel sets plot provides a detailed visualization of the 696,678 Refugee Status Determination (RSD) decisions recorded in Spain in 2024. The chart illustrates the flow of asylum cases through different stages or classifications, culminating in a final decision outcome. The width of the bands flowing between the vertical axes is proportional to the number of individuals in that specific pathway.
The statistical profile reveals a dataset with 132 distinct flows. The distribution of decisions is highly skewed, with a few outcomes accounting for the majority of cases. While the average flow size is approximately 15,834 decisions, the values range dramatically from a minimum of 10 to a maximum of 201,952. This indicates that one or two primary decision categories represent a significant portion of the total outcomes. This visualization is crucial for understanding the operational capacity and protection landscape within the Spanish asylum system, highlighting the primary statuses granted or dispositions for asylum seekers.
AI Insight: Area chart of cumulative asylum applications versus decisions in Spain from 2020 to 2024, where the gap between the two has progressively widened, signifying a growing processing backlog., This area chart provides a comparative analysis of the cumulative number of asylum applications and first-instance decisions in Spain for the period 2020 to 2024. The x-axis represents the years, while the y-axis shows the cumulative total count.
Two distinct areas are plotted: the upper area represents the total number of asylum applications received, and the lower area represents the total number of first-instance decisions rendered. The vertical distance between the top lines of these two areas visually represents the ‘gap’—the number of cases pending a first-instance decision.
The key trend revealed is a significant and widening divergence between applications and decisions over time. While both metrics show an upward cumulative trend, the rate of new applications has consistently outpaced the rate of decisions. This has resulted in a substantial increase in the backlog of pending asylum cases. The chart highlights that as of 2024, this gap translates into a considerable average processing time, measured in days, posing a significant challenge to the Spanish asylum system and causing prolonged uncertainty for applicants.
Recognition Rates
AI Insight: Horizontal bar chart of Refugee Recognition Rates in Spain for 2024 by the top 10 countries of origin, where rates vary significantly, with Mali having the highest rate at 32.2% and Colombia one of the lowest at 0.1%., This chart displays the Refugee Recognition Rate in Spain for 2024, focusing on the 10 countries of origin with the highest number of asylum decisions. The y-axis lists the countries, and the x-axis represents the percentage of applicants from that country who were granted formal refugee status.
Statistically, the data reveals a wide disparity in outcomes. The average Refugee Recognition Rate across these ten countries is 9.5%, with a median of just 5.7%. The rates range dramatically from a minimum of 0.1% to a maximum of 32.2%. This indicates that the likelihood of receiving refugee status is highly dependent on the country of origin.
A critical piece of context, not immediately visible in the chart’s primary measure, is the distinction between ‘Refugee Recognition Rate’ and ‘Total Recognition Rate’. The average Total Recognition Rate (which includes complementary/humanitarian protection) is 35.8%, significantly higher than the refugee status rate alone. For instance, while some nationalities have very low refugee recognition rates, they may have high overall protection rates (up to 91.4%). This is common for applicants from countries like Venezuela or Colombia, who are often granted protection on humanitarian grounds rather than under the 1951 Refugee Convention.
The chart is ordered by the total volume of decisions, not by the recognition rate. Therefore, countries with the largest caseloads, such as Venezuela and Colombia, appear at the top, despite their low formal refugee recognition rates.
AI Insight: Bar chart of the 2024 Refugee Recognition Rate for nationals from Spain in the top 10 countries of asylum, where rates are extremely low, with a maximum of 11.1% and a median of 0%., This bar chart displays the 2024 refugee recognition rates for asylum seekers from Spain. The data is presented for the ten countries of asylum that processed the highest number of applications, ordered by the total volume of decisions made.
The statistical analysis shows that recognition rates are exceptionally low. Across these ten countries, the rate for granting refugee status ranges from 0% to a peak of 11.1%. The average rate is a mere 1.77%, and critically, the median is 0%, which signifies that at least half of these top ten countries did not grant refugee status to any Spanish applicants.
This trend is expected, as Spain is a member of the European Union and is considered a safe country of origin. Asylum claims from its nationals are infrequent and generally considered unfounded. Even when including complementary forms of protection, the total recognition rate remains very low, with an average of 3.12% and a maximum of 13.5%. The data confirms that asylum applications from Spanish nationals are overwhelmingly rejected in the countries where they most frequently apply.
Solutions
Durable Solutions: Pathways to Stability
Amidst the backdrop of escalating global displacement, the pursuit of durable solutions remains the ultimate goal for millions of forcibly displaced people, representing an opportunity to rebuild their lives in safety and dignity. While the gap between the number of people in need of solutions and those who can access them continues to widen globally, localized data can reveal notable, if temporary, progress. The experience in Spain between 2019 and 2023 offers a compelling case study of how targeted efforts can dramatically alter the solutions landscape.
For several years, the situation in Spain mirrored a common global trend: the number of new refugee recognitions consistently outpaced the availability of durable solutions, creating a cumulative ‘solutions gap’. However, the data reveals a spectacular reversal of this pattern in 2022 and 2023. An exceptional surge was recorded in 2022, when the number of available solutions peaked at over 21,000, creating a surplus of more than 14,000 when compared to the number of new refugee recognitions that year. This momentum was sustained into 2023, with over 14,200 solutions provided.
Behind these stark numbers lies a story of distinct and targeted pathways. The unprecedented peak in 2022 was almost entirely attributable to a single intervention: a massive increase in resettlement cases, which reached approximately 20,000. The following year, the high level of solutions was driven primarily by a different pathway, with naturalisations peaking at over 13,000. In contrast, voluntary returns consistently constituted only a minor fraction of the total solutions throughout this period.
This analysis underscores that the significant progress was not the result of a uniform increase across all solutions but rather a consequence of large-scale, specific initiatives. While projections for 2024 and 2025 suggest a return to a more modest level of solutions, the period from 2022-2023 serves as a powerful demonstration of the tangible impact that can be achieved when States scale up dedicated pathways to integration and stability for refugees. It highlights the critical importance of such initiatives in turning the tide, even if temporarily, in favour of lasting solutions.
AI Insight: * Stacked column chart of durable solutions in Spain from 2019 to 2025, where a significant peak in resettlement cases in 2022 drove the highest number of solutions.*, This stacked column chart displays the number of durable solutions for forcibly displaced people in Spain, categorized by solution type (Resettlement, Naturalisation, and Returns) and broken down by year from 2019 to 2025.
Key Observations: - Resettlement: This category shows the most dramatic trend. There was an extraordinary peak in 2022, with approximately 20,000 resettlement cases. This single year accounts for the vast majority of all solutions in the observed period. In other years, resettlement numbers are significantly lower.
Naturalisation: The number of naturalisations peaked in 2023, reaching over 13,000. While lower than the 2022 resettlement peak, this still represents a substantial number of solutions for that year.
Returns: Returns consistently represent a very small fraction of the total solutions, with low numbers across all years shown.
Statistical Analysis: The data highlights a volatile trend in solutions. The annual mean number of solutions per category was low from 2019-2021 (ranging from 91 to 206). A massive spike occurred in 2022, with the mean value jumping to 5,278, driven by the maximum value of 20,000 in a single category (Resettlement). The high level was sustained in 2023 with a mean of 3,560, led by a peak of 13,105 in Naturalisation. Data for 2024 and 2025, which may be partial or projected, indicates a decrease from these peaks. The primary takeaway is that the high number of solutions in 2022 and 2023 were each driven by a single, dominant solution type rather than a uniform increase across all categories.
AI Insight: Line chart of refugee recognitions and available solutions in Spain from 2019 to 2025, where available solutions dramatically spiked to surpass recognitions in 2022 and 2023 after previously lagging behind., This line chart presents a comparative analysis of two key metrics in Spain’s asylum system from 2019 to 2025: the annual number of refugee recognitions (blue line) and the number of available durable solutions (teal line). The shaded area between the lines highlights the gap or surplus between these figures.
Analysis of Refugee Recognitions: The number of refugee recognitions shows a consistent upward trend from 2019 to 2023. It started at 1,669 in 2019, rose steadily to a peak of 7,357 in 2023, and then shows a decrease to 6,383 in 2024 and 3,371 in 2025.
Analysis of Available Solutions: In contrast, the number of available solutions demonstrates significant volatility. After low figures from 2019 to 2021 (826, 364, and 521 respectively), there was an exceptional surge in 2022, when solutions peaked at 21,111. This was followed by a still-high figure of 14,239 in 2023, before declining to 4,742 in 2024 and 2,240 in 2025.
Key Comparison and Insight: The core story of the chart is the dramatic shift in the relationship between recognitions and solutions. From 2019 to 2021, recognitions consistently outnumbered solutions, creating a ‘solutions gap’. This trend reversed spectacularly in 2022 and 2023, where the number of solutions provided massively exceeded the number of new recognitions. For instance, in 2022, there was a surplus of over 14,000 solutions compared to recognitions. By 2024, the two metrics moved closer again, with recognitions once more slightly outpacing solutions. This suggests a large-scale, but temporary, initiative or policy change that significantly increased the availability of durable solutions in Spain during 2022-2023.
